Effect of Glass Former Concentration on Spectroscopic and Laser Properties of Telluro-Borate Glasses Doped with Sm³⁺ Ions

Abstract— In this paper, we studied the Na₂O–CaO–B₂O₃–TeO₂–Sm₂O₃ (labeled as NCBT-Sm) for the physical, optical, and luminescence properties of the NCBT-Sm glasses. The XRD study confirmed the amorphous nature of the glass. The density and molar volume increase with increasing concentration of TeO₂. We found four emission peaks located at 562, 597, 644 and 706 nm corresponding to ⁴G_5/2 → ⁶H_5/2, ⁴G_5/2 → ⁶H_7/2, ⁴G_5/2 → ⁶H_9/2 and ⁴G_5/2 → ⁶H_{1 1/2} transitions respectively. The emission and absorption spectra were analyzed using the Judd–Ofelt theory to calculate various spectroscopic parameters, such as emission cross-section, radiative transition probability, branching ratios, and stimulated emission cross-section. The color coordinates of all the glass samples lie in the orange region of the Commission International de l’Eclairage (CIE) diagram. The results obtained in the present work show that these glasses may be a potential candidate for LED applications.