A. P. Belyaev, V. P. Rubets, I. P. Kalinkin, and M. Yu. Nuzhdin
St. Petersburg State Technological Institute (Technical University), Moskovskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg, 198013 Russia
E-mail: belyaev@tu.spb.ru
Abstract—This paper presents the results obtained in studying the properties and formation of film systems
produced by condensation in a vacuum from the vapor phase onto a substrate cooled with liquid nitrogen (under
sharply nonequilibrium conditions). The studies were performed by electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, elec-
tron microscopy, and current–voltage and capacity–voltage characteristic measurements. The model materials
were cadmium telluride and sulfide powders. The use of sharply nonequilibrium conditions allowed oriented
layers to be grown on substrates cooled to negative (Celsius scale) temperatures. The conditions of the forma-
tion of oriented layers correlated with the properties of substrate materials. The structure of a particular system
could be intentionally changed from epitaxial to amorphous and from homogeneous to heterogeneous by vary-
ing sharply nonequilibrium conditions of its growth. Heterosystems with two stable states whose conductivities
differed by several orders of magnitude could be produced under sharply nonequilibrium conditions. The
results were interpreted based on the soliton model of heteroepitaxy.
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