Initiation and Evolution History
of Monsoon Circulation
in the Indian Ocean during the NeogeneQuaternary

E. V. Ivanova

Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

Received February 22, 2000

Abstract—Neogene–Quaternary series of micropaleontological, lithological, and geochemical indicators of
monsoons and related upwellings in the Indian Ocean are assessed. It is shown that the initiation and evolution
of the monsoon circulation were determined by the interaction of geodynamical and climatic events (such as
the closure of the Tethys Ocean, the uplift of the Himalayas and Tibet, the glaciation of the Antarctic and the
Northern Hemisphere, the closure of the Panama and Indonesian passages, glacial–interglacial cycles), as well
as by the variations in the orbital parameters of the earth. The correlation of the short-term episodes of strength-
ened and weakened monsoon circulation with the short-term events in the North Atlantic, Greenland, Antarctic,
Eastern Asia, and other regions suggests teleconnections (a rapid transfer of climatic signals) between high and
low latitudes.

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