Science and Technology in China: Modernization Accomplished

A. V. Vinogradov^a, E. A. Salitskaya^b, and A. I. Salitskii^c*

^a Institute of Far Eastern Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

^b Russian Research Institute of Economics, Politics, and Law in Science and Technology,
Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

^c Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

e-mail: vinogradov-a.v@mail.ru; salitskaya@gmail.com; sal.55@mail.ru

Received September 14, 2015

Abstract—China’s science and technology complex has shown vividly in this new century: the country has lit-
erally burst into the club of the world’s leaders. In considering the formation history, recent achievements,
potential, and foreign assessments of Chinese science and technology, the authors relate this breakthrough to
the consistent materialization of the modernization strategy and complex experience. The institutional structure
of Chinese science combines planning and coordination “from above” with competition, initiatives of develop-
ers of technologies and industrial enterprises, and the growing protection of intellectual property. This compet-
itive and full-blooded organism rests on a powerful information system and strong scientific–technological
diplomacy, enabling it to counter external challenges successfully.

Keywords: generation and dissemination of technologies, efficiency of innovations, expenditures on science and
R&D, “brain repatriation,” “smart” industry, scientific and technological diplomacy, intellectual property.

DOI: 10.1134/S1019331616010081

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