Based on Russian Natural Graphite for Lithium
Ion Batteries
V. S. Dubasovaz, V. A. Mikhailova, A. F. Nikolenko, T. A. Ponomareva,
T. Yu. Smirnova, and V. F. Pleshakov
Research and Process Design Institute of Electrocarbon Products, Moscow Region, Elektrougli, Russia
Received September 9, 2011
Abstract—The effect of structural and surface properties of carbon anodic materials based on natural graphite
of the Taiginka Deposit obtained using different technologies on the capacity characteristics of the negative
electrode of a lithium–ion battery is studied. It is shown that the key factors determining the value of irreversible
capacity of the negative electrode in the first cycle are the value of graphite specific surface area, the state of the
surface, in particular, the content of disordered carbon, and functional groups on the surface of graphite parti-
cles, and also the composition of the active electrode layer. A change in the specific surface area value and con-
tent of functional groups is due to the efficiency of the pyrocarbon coating in the case of samples subjected to
milling on vibration and cavitation mills, and also of finely dispersed samples obtained by milling on a jet mill.
The observed decrease in the specific surface irreversible capacity at an increase in the specific surface area of
carbon is apparently caused by inhomogeneity of the latter and nonparticipation of its microporous part in for-
mation of the solid–phase surface passivating film. The minimum irreversible specific capacity of electrodes of
the studied natural graphite for the optimum electrode material composition was about 20 mA h/g or 6%. The
specific surface capacity changed as dependent on the value and state of the graphite sample surface more than
threefold (from 2.5 to 7.7 mA h/m2) and by an order of magnitude at an additional change in the electrode com-
position (from 2.5 to 20.3 mA h/m2).
Keywords: graphite, lithium–ion battery, graphite electrode, reversible capacity, irreversible capacity, specific
surface area, rhombohedral phase, carbonyl functional groups
DOI: 10.1134/S1023193513020067
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