Neurochemical Protection of Lutein against Sodium Nitroprusside-Induced Oxidative Damage in the Nauphoeta cinerea Model

Abstract— Objective: Lutein (LTN) is a lipophilic carotenoid widely present in green leafy vegetables such as broccoli and spinach, where it plays a crucial antioxidant role. Although its protective effects against oxidative damage are well established, its interaction with compounds such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP) remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the effects of SNP, lutein, and their combination in Nauphoeta cinerea, aiming to determine potential protective mechanisms. Methods: Toxicity was assessed after 24 h of exposure using biochemical analyses and molecular docking simulations. Results and Discussion: Sodium nitroprusside exhibited mild toxicity, whereas lutein reduced these effects without inducing toxicity on its own. Lower doses of lutein provided significant protection, whereas higher doses caused physiological stress. The combination of lutein and SNP mitigated nitroprusside-induced toxicity and reduced iron levels in the model. In silico analyses indicated comparable molecular interactions for SNP and lutein, with docking simulations revealing predominant alkyl interactions with the target protein. Conclusions: Lutein can modulate SNP-induced toxicity in Nauphoeta cinerea, with protective effects at lower concentrations but potential stress at higher doses.