Synthesis and Properties of Functionally Substituted Phthalocyanines: From Photocatalysis to Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract— This review focuses on the main methods for obtaining functionally substituted phthalocyanine complexes, as well as the precursor phthalonitriles containing various hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. It presents a comparison of the optical and photochemical properties of phthalocyanines, including pathways for generating reactive oxygen species. The potential applications of phthalocyanines are outlined, including photocatalysis, fluorescent diagnostics, and photodynamic therapy for cancer and antibacterial treatments.